![]() ![]() The Linac Coherent Light Source II (LCLS-II) project. Photon beam transport and scientific instruments at the European XFEL. First operation of a free-electron laser generating GW power radiation at 32 nm wavelength. A compact and cost-effective hard X-ray free-electron laser driven by a high-brightness and low-energy electron beam. Construction and commissioning of PAL-XFEL facility. ![]() A compact X-ray free-electron laser emitting in the sub-angstrom region. Collective instabilities and high-gain regime in a free-electron laser. Generation of coherent radiation by a relativistic electron beam in an undulator. Recent experimental and theoretical developments in time-resolved X-ray spectroscopies. XFELs: cutting edge X-ray light for chemical and material sciences. The measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays. Introduction: ultrafast processes in chemistry. Beamline, experimental stations and photon beam diagnostics for the hard x-ray free electron laser of SACLA. Achieving few-femtosecond time-sorting at hard X-ray free-electron lasers. ![]() A single-shot transmissive spectrometer for hard x-ray free electron lasers. ![]() Linac coherent light source: the first five years. Strategies for sample delivery for femtosecond crystallography. Drop-on-demand sample delivery for studying biocatalysts in action at X-ray free-electron lasers. in X-Ray Free Electron Lasers: Applications in Materials, Chemistry and Biology Ch. Concentric-flow electrokinetic injector enables serial crystallography of ribosome and photosystem II. Liquid sample delivery techniques for serial femtosecond crystallography. This Mn L-edge soft X-ray spectroscopic study of PS II at physiological (in operando) conditions based on measurements at the LCLS XFEL establishes protocols for probe-before-destroy spectroscopy of dilute high-valent metal complexes and proteins at XFELs. Soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy of metalloproteins and high-valent metal-complexes at room temperature using free-electron lasers. Energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy using an X-ray free-electron laser in a shot-by-shot mode. Femtosecond X-ray protein nanocrystallography. Potential for biomolecular imaging with femtosecond X-ray pulses. Neutze, R., Wouts, R., van der Spoel, D., Weckert, E. 3D-MiXD: 3D-printed X-ray-compatible microfluidic devices for rapid, low-consumption serial synchrotron crystallography data collection in flow. The microfluidic laboratory at Synchrotron SOLEIL. Pump-probe XAS investigation of the triplet state of an Ir photosensitizer with chromenopyridinone ligands. Synchrotron ultrafast techniques for photoactive transition metal complexes. Development of high-repetition-rate laser pump/x-ray probe methodologies for synchrotron facilities. Radiation damage in macromolecular crystallography: what is it and why should we care? Acta Cryst. 10 years of pioneering X-ray science at the free-electron laser FLASH at DESY. Molecular structure of nucleic acids - a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. For the first time, it will be possible to make real-time molecular movies of metalloenzymes and catalysts in solution, while chemical reactions are taking place. With more XFEL facilities starting operation and more in the planning or construction phase, new capabilities are expected, including high repetition rate, better XFEL pulse control and advanced instrumentation. In this Technical Review, we describe the current state of the art of X-ray spectroscopy studies at XFELs and highlight some new techniques currently under development. The ultrashort, intense and tunable XFEL pulses enable X-ray spectroscopic studies of metalloenzymes, molecular catalysts and chemical reactions, under functional conditions and in real time. The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) enables powerful new probes of electronic structure dynamics to advance our understanding of metalloenzymes. Mapping the electronic structural changes at the metal sites during the reactions gives a unique mechanistic insight that has been difficult to obtain to date. The metal centres in metalloenzymes and molecular catalysts are responsible for the rearrangement of atoms and electrons during complex chemical reactions, and they enable selective pathways of charge and spin transfer, bond breaking/making and the formation of new molecules. ![]()
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